Union minister j p nadda directed the national centre for disease control ncdc chief to. Nipah virus niv infection is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes severe disease in both animals and humans. Outbreak investigation of nipah virus disease in kerala. Longterm sequelae following nipah virus infection have been noted, including persistent convulsions and personality changes. A central team will visit kerala to take stock of the situation after three people died of nipah virus. Illnesses caused by nipah virus were first described in 1998 1999, during widespread outbreaks among pigs and people in malaysia. It causes severe neurological and respiratory disease which is highly lethal. See the editor commentary by spiropoulou on pages 18557. Nipah manual food and agriculture organization of the united. The nervous system may also be affected, so signs such as trembling, muscle spasms, lameness, and incoordination may be. Complications can include inflammation of the brain and seizures following recovery. There is no cure, and it kills about 75% of people it infects.
Epidemiology of nipah virus what do epidemiologists do. Past outbreaks first recognized in 1999 during an outbreak among pig. Review lessons from the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia. Nipah virus is a virus transmitted to humans by animals. The name of the virus and disease is from the village of sungai nipah in malaysia. Analysis of nipah virus codon usage and adaptation to hosts. Six more people succumbed to symptoms suspected to be that of nipah virus on sunday. They may also have openmouthed breathing and a characteristic loud, harsh cough. Classification of the causative agent nipah virus is an enveloped, negativesense, singlestranded rna virus in the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus. The nipah virus outbreak in malaysia 19981999 and its subsequent spread to singapore caught both countries relatively unprepared. In malaysia, 265 encephalitis cases, primarily among pig farmers, and a 40% death rate were reported 35. This is a virus that when it gets into people, in bangladesh, it kills them on average threequarters of the. In malaysia, it caused tremendous human suffering and near total collapse of the billiondollar pigfarming industry.
Phylogenetic analysis of nipah virus isolates from malaysia, bangladesh and cambodia suggested the. A recent outbreak of nipah virus niv in india has caused 17 deaths in people living in districts of kerala state. We performed a codon usage analysis, based on publicly available nucleotide sequences of niv and its host. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment,prevention the virus has claimed around 10 lives in the southern state over the past two weeks. Nipah virus infection is an emerging disease endemic in southeast asia. The discovery of the novel nipah virus was a significant turning point in the control of. Nipah is a newly emerging deadly virus that can jump from bats to other species, including humans. Overview of nipah virus infection merck veterinary manual. Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical. During the nipah virus disease outbreak in 199899, 265 patients were infected with the virus. The only previously reported outbreaks of nipah virus occurred in malaysia and singapore from september 1998 to may 1999.
Nipah virus niv and the closely related hendra virus hev are members of the henipavirus genus in the family paramyxoviridae order mononegavirales. Nipah virus niv infection is a newly emerging zoonosis. As of june 6, nipah virus had claimed 16 lives out of 18 laboratoryconfirmed cases in kerala, a case fatality rate of 88. Its zoonotic nature, as well as high rate of humantohuman transmission, has led researchers worldwide to work toward understanding the different aspects of the niv. Nipah virus induces two inclusion body populations.
Pathogenicity of nipah henipavirus bangladesh in a swine. It causes various diseases such as respiratory ailments and encephalitis and poses. It was first identified 20 years ago in malaysia and has since caused outbreaks in other parts of south and southeast asia. Pigs infected with nipah virus will have rapid and difficult breathing pattern. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus and is related to hendra virus that infects horses niv is a zoonotic virus a disease that animals can transmit to humans, known as a zoonosis. Niv was first identified during an outbreak in kampung sungai nipah, malaysia, in 1998. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus. In pteropus bats, nipah virus has been found repeatedly in urine, and viral rna has been. Etiology nipah virus niv is a singlestranded rna virus belonging to the genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae, which was discovered in malaysia in 19981999.
Prepared as background material by the johns hopkins center for health security for the clade x tabletop exercise nipah virus facts prepared by. Infection with nipah virus is associated with encephalitis inflammation of the brain. Nipah virus infection the center for food security and public health. Students will make predictions, perform calculations, adapt to new information, and make recommendations to the centers for. As per the world health organisation who, nipah virus is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes a severe disease in both animals and humans. The virus is named after the location where it was first detected in malaysia. Niv is a zoonotic virus a virus transmitted to humans from animals 3. The virus was identified in 1999 after causing disease in animals and in humans. On monday morning, a 31yearold nurse at perambra taluk hospital succumbed due. After exposure and an incubation period of 5 to 14 days,illness presents with 314 days of fever and headache, followed by drowsiness, disorientation and mental confusion.
Latent infections with subsequent reactivation of nipah virus death have also been reported months and even years after exposure. The drug ribavirin has been shown to be effective against the viruses in vitro. Nipah virus is a recently described zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes a highly fatal encephalitis in humans 1,2. On 17 may 2018, a 28yearold man presented to a private facility in kozhikode district, kerala state, india, with encephalitis. Rapid detection accelerates indias response to nipah. Nipah virus niv a paramyxovirus genus henipavirus first identified in 1999 in malaysia caused an outbreak of respiratory and neurological disease in pigs and encephalitis in people. The virus is closely related to hendra virus see hendra virus infection, the only other member of the genus. Nipah virus niv and hendra hev virus are in the same family paramyxoviridae and genus henipavirus, and the clinical course of each disease is similar. Niv initially emerged in peninsular malaysia and singapore in 199899 associated with a large outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs and encephalitis among pig farm and abattoir workers. For 1 casepatient, the only known exposure was hugging a deceased patient with a probable case, while another casepatients exposure involved preparing the same corpse for burial by removing. Nipah virusinfected patients were more likely than communitybased controls to report drinking raw date palm sap and to have had physical contact with an encephalitis patient 29% vs. Nipah virus is an enveloped negativestrand rna paramyxovirus genus, henipavirus. You will perform the relevant calculations, make claims about whether the nipah outbreak in malaysia will become an epidemic, and determine the natural reservoir for nipah virus.
Nipah and hendra are both emerging diseases, having been first described in the 1990s. Virus nipah metadata this file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. A nipah virus infection is a viral infection caused by the nipah virus. Nipah virus encephalitis is a severe, rapidly progressive disease caused by the nipah virus and was transmitted to humans via contact with infected pigs. People of all ages are at risk for nipah virus in locations in asia where the virus is active in.
This virus is carried subclinically in fruit bats of the genus pteropus, a host to which it seems well adapted. Illness with nipah virus begins with fever and headache followed by inflammation of the brain encephalitis, drowsiness. Nipah virus niv is an emerging and priority pathogen from the paramyxoviridae family with a high fatality rate. Nipah virus niv is a potential threat to global health security. The first 2 recorded niv outbreaks reported in india, in 2001 and 2007, occurred in west bengal. Classification of the causative agent resistance to. Nipah virus niv is an emerging and serious viral zoonotic disease that carries with it a high case fatality rate in the ballpark of 70% or more. The etiologic agent, nipah virus genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae, is an enveloped, negativesense, singlestranded rna virus. Nipah virus is an emerging infectious disease of public health importance. In this activity, you will examine some of the data collected by epidemiologists studying a nipah virus outbreak.
Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment. Active nipah virus encephalitis surveillance identified an encephalitis cluster and sporadic cases in faridpur, bangladesh, in january 2010. Symptoms from infection vary from none to fever, cough, headache, shortness of breath, and confusion. Nipah rarely infects people, but when it does, it can make them very, very sick. Data from malaysia suggest that nipah virus has a high morbidity 71%, mortality rate 28%, and case fatality ratio 40%, though its ability to spread among humans is low r 0 file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. Niv, a member of the paramyxoviridae family, is a zoonotic virus, which means it can transfer from animals to people. Division of disease control what do i need to know. The human outbreak in malaysia and singapore followed contact with infected swine and resulted in encephalitis with 40% case mortality. Nipah and hendra viruses are members of the henipavirus genus within the paramyxovirinae subfamily of the paramyxoviridae family. It can be transmitted from person to person and has killed between 40% and 75% of infected people. The outbreak of nipah virus in malaysia in 1999 created history in the category of new emerging diseases.